"Carpenter ants" and "sugar ants" - everyone is familiar with these fellows!
These are the two most popular common names for the very widespread and extremely complex genus Camponotus. I kind of understand the name "sugar ant" because they are known for their great appetite for sugars. However, the genus Camponotus is far too frequently generalised by the media as the annoying pest which causes damage to wooden structures. This is mostly the case for species from the subgenus Camponotus. Yes you read it right - the subgenus Camponotus, being a subgenus of the same name within the genus itself. What does that mean? And what is a subgenus? It will all make sense in this article.
Ants are generally categorized into subfamilies, tribes, genera, sometimes subgenera, sometimes species groups, species and sometimes even subspecies.
Categorizing Camponotus barbaricus xanthomelas, being a species native to Northern Africa, as an example will give the following:
Family: Formicidae (Ants)
Subfamily: Formicinae
Tribe: Camponotini
Genus: Camponotus
Subgenus: Tanaemyrmex
Species: Camponotus barbaricus
Subspecies: Camponotus barbaricus xanthomelas
Shortly: C. barbaricus xanthomelas
"At present, more than 1000 species and nearly 500 subspecies belonging to 45 subgenera are described (Bolton, 2012) and it could well be the largest ant genus of all." (Source: Antwiki)
In this post however, I will focus on several common/popular different types of subgenera of Camponotus, explaining their differences and why learning some of them might be helpful for a better understanding of each mentioned type. At the end I will recap eveything using photo layouts.
Exclaimer:
A lot of the information in this post comes from trusted sources such as Antwiki and Antweb and knowledge of some antkeepers. But some of this information also comes from my personal view on this topic. Some of you might not fully agree with what is said by me in this post, e.g. when examples are mentioned. Some given numbers such as worker size or colony size are averages of the different subgenera. But I would like to remind you that this post is made as a quick guide for Camponotus identification with the goal of sharing useful knowledge for the general public. Thank you for your time. Now let's start explaining the subgenera below!
Major worker of Camponotus vagus
Camponotus (subgenus)
The first subgenus of the genus Camponotus, which is referred to as Camponotus sensu stricto, is also commonly known as the "true carpenter ants". Most species of this subgenus prefer to nest in wood and mature colonies are medium to big in size. Ants of this subgenus are generally bulky. Majors and queens have big rounded heads. Queens, like of C. novaeboracensis in the example below, are pretty chunky and generally monogynous.
Queen of Camponotus novaeboracensis
Worker polymorphism of Camponotus compressus
Tanaemyrmex
Commonly known as "slim carpenter ants", this subgenus may cover most species from the genus Camponotus. Most species of this subgenus nest in soil or partially in wood. Mature colonies are generally big in size. Ants of this subgenus are big and slim with long legs. Majors and queens have big traingle shaped heads. The minors are elongated. Queens, like C. nicobarensis in the example below, are slighlty less bulky than those of Camponotus (subgenus) and are generally monogynous. Some species and some populations of C. nicobarensis can be lightly polygynous. Many species of Tanaemyrmex are notorious for being xerothermic and highly aggressive.
Queen of Camponotus consobrinus
Interesting case of Tanaemyrmex
Social parasites of Camponotus
Despite the genus Camponotus containing approximately 1.500 species, currently Camponotus universitatis and Camponotus ruseni (Karaman, 2012) are the only known social parasites of Camponotus that have ever been discovered as of yet. C. universitatis and C. ruseni are inquilines in the nests of Camponotus aethiops. C. universitatis can also live with hosts of Camponotus pilicornis. Both species are a permanent parasite without slavery (Tinaut et al., 1992; Guillem et al., 2014). Both are rarely found. As both species are in the subgenus Tanaemyrmex, I found them interesting to include in this article
Two images, above and below, show a queen and the workers of C. universitatis for reference. Both are small and dark coloured.
Worker polymorphism in Camponotus cruentatus
Myrmosericus
Commonly known as "silky carpenter ants", this subgenus is comparable to the subgenus Tanaemyrmex. Species of Myrmosericus nest in soil. Mature colonies are big in size. Ants of this subgenus are a slightly bulkier version of Tanaemyrmex, with rounder heads. Colonies are monogynous. Some species and some populations of C. nicobarensis can be lightly polygynous. Many species of Myrmosericus are highly aggressive.
Queen and major workers of C. dolendus
Interesting fact:
Species commonly sold as 'Camponotus auriventris' on the market are also of the subgenus Myrmosericus, similarly in appearance to C. parius. However, C. auriventris has in reality never even been sold because of how rare it is to find queens in the wild. This misinformation developed some years ago when Chinese ant-stores couldn't properly identify this species so they picked a random species name - not looking at the subgenus first - I would imagine. Moreover, this popular species is much smaller and looks very different from the true C. auriventris, which is of the subgenus Myrmosaulus. I will pick up on this topic later.
Queen & worker polymorphism of Camponotus dalmaticus
Myrmentoma
Commonly known as the "cleft-lip carpenter ants", species of Myrmentoma make small nests in soil or wood. Mature colonies are small in size at rarely up to 1000 workers - oftenly they are made up of just a few hundred individuals. Ants of this subgenus are small, slim and polymorphism is less pronounced in comparison to the previously mentioned subgenera. Most queens are <11 mm in lenght and slim. Colonies are monogynous to lightly polygynous. Workers of Myrmentoma are not aggressive, they are opportunistic scavengers. A few species of Myrmentoma have adapted mimicry of other ant species to blend in. This allows for even more foraging opportunities on foreign territory.
Mimicry of Camponotus lateralis around Crematogaster scutellaris
Queen and workers of Camponotus mutilarius (common name: 'C. xiangban')
Orthonotomyrmex
Commonly known as "flat-back carpenter ants", this subgenus is characteristic for workers having quite flat tops of their thorax. Species within this subgenus are medium to small in size, with caste dimorphism somewhat marked. The head of majors is large, wider than long. The body is usually covered in a lot of small setae. On some species, such as on C. mutilarius in the image above, the setae are long and well pronounced.
Major workers of Camponotus sericeus doing trophallaxis
Queen and workers of Camponotus singularis
Myrmosaulus
Commonly known as "monster-head carpenter ants", this subgenus truly lives up to its name! The head of majors is large and generally with lateral margins rounded. Species of this subgenus are large to medium sized with pronounced dimorphism: a clear distinction between the minor and major caste, with no medium sized workers in between. The most popular species is C. singularis ofcourse, known for their large red heads and silver body. Another bit less known species of this subgenus is C. suffusus.
All species of Myrmosaulus share a similar body shape and size, which brings us to a callback about C. auriventris. Their latin name refers to their golden coloured body. The true C. auriventris are very similar to C. singularis, so to mix them up with species similar to C. parius (Myrmosericus) should be impossible - but somehow this became possible due to spreading of false information by Chinese sellers. Everyone who sells unknown Myrmosericus species under the false name 'auriventris' should stop. And give the unknown species a new unique name. Otherwise misinformation will keep on spreading beyond the return point...
Queen and workers of Camponotus auriventris
Two majors fighting: Camponotus singularis VS Camponotus auriventris
Queen of the similar Camponotus holosericeus (common name: 'C. chinensis').
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